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		<description>Mortality rates have fallen dramatically over time, starting in a few

					countries in the 18th century, and continuing to fall today. In just the past

					century, life expectancy has increased by over 30 years. At the same time,

					mortality rates remain much higher in poor countries, with a difference in life

					expectancy between rich and poor countries of also about 30 years. This

					difference persists despite the remarkable progress in health improvement in the

					last half century, at least until the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In both the time-series

					and the cross-section data, there is a strong correlation between income per

					capita and mortality rates, a correlation that also exists within countries,

					where richer, better-educated people live longer. We review the determinants of

					these patterns: over history, over countries, and across groups within

					countries. While there is no consensus about the causal mechanisms, we

					tentatively identify the application of scientific advance and technical

					progress (some of which is induced by income and facilitated by education) as

					the ultimate determinant of health. Such an explanation allows a consistent

					interpretation of the historical, cross-country, and within-country evidence. We

					downplay direct causal mechanisms running from income to health.</description>

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		<publisher>American Economic Association</publisher>

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